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As will become clear shortly, what looks like a two-way distinction in DP extractions turns out to be a uniform extraction pattern. Two types of extraction asymmetries are distinguished in Tsou CAs, with instrumental CAs displaying a seemingly reverse extraction pattern from their locative counterparts. As an ergative language (Chang 2011a), Tsou can illustrate how ergative applicatives are syntactically derived and how they differ from their accusative counterparts, thereby shedding new lights on the theory of applicatives. It is less known how applicativization works in ergative languages.
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Most of the previous studies on applicatives are concerned with accusative languages, notably Germanic languages like English and Bantu languages like Chichewa and Kichaga. Chang ( 2011b), there is no DOC in Tsou since one of the three arguments must be in the oblique case. In this paper, the term is intended for a three-argument (triadic) verb that is typically marked by applicative morphology in Tsou it does not refer to a double object construction (DOC). While the term “ditransitive” is used throughout the paper, it should be noted that the term does not mean the same thing as what has been understood in the literature.
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This paper is focused on three-argument applicatives, which include both three-argument CAs and “ditransitive” applicatives. This paper aims to fill the gap.īefore entering into the detailed discussion of Tsou CAs, a few clarifications on the terminology and the range of this paper are in order. While there is a considerable amount of literature on Austronesian “focus/voice,” very little attention is paid to the investigation of Austronesian CAs, let alone the inquiry of them from a Minimalist perspective. This paper deals with extractions in Tsou causative applicative constructions (CA hereafter) in light of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 2000, 2001, 2008). A double transitive is believed to instantiate the well-motivated conceptualization of a transported theme/causand as an instrument and a double applicative that of a goal as a beneficiary. The complex predicate analysis also applies to a double applicative, where an IA is stacked over an LA. The complex predicate analysis is supported by the fact that an IA with the seemingly DO extraction is required to take a ditransitive verb as its complement and receives a double transitive marking. In this paper, I argue that the seemingly DO extraction in an IA is actually an IO extraction and that the DO is anteceded by an IO introduced by an IA head that functions as the matrix predicate of a complex predicate. It is observed that a locative applicative (LA) advances as the trigger an indirect object (IO), not a direct object (DO), whereas a(n) instrumental/benefactive applicative seems to advance either an IO or a DO. This paper investigates the extraction of an internal argument as the trigger in Tsou applicatives.